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Banjica concentration camp
The Banjica concentration camp ((ドイツ語:Anhalteleger Dedinje)) was a German concentration camp in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia during World War II. Located in the Banjica neighborhood of Dedinjea suburb of Belgradeit was originally used by the Germans as a center for holding hostages. The camp was later used to hold Serbs, Jews, Roma, captured Partisans, Chetniks and other opponents of Nazi Germany. By 1942, most executions occurred at the firing ranges at Jajinci, Marinkova Bara and the Jewish cemetery.
Banjica was operational from July 1941 to October 1944. It was jointly run by German occupying forces under the command of Gestapo official Willy Friedrich and the Serbian State Guard. The Serbian administrator of the camp was Svetozar Vujković, a pre-war policeman who enthusiastically collaborated with the Germans. Later, both he and Friedrich were tried, found guilty and executed for war crimes by Yugoslavia's post-war communist authorities. 23,697 individuals were detained in Banjica throughout the war, at least 3,849 of whom perished. After the war, a small monument dedicated to the victims of the camp was constructed. The Museum of the Banjica Concentration Camp was opened in 1969, and contains more than four hundred items relating to the camp and its operation.
==Background==
On 6 April 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army (; VKJ) was quickly defeated. Yugoslavia was subsequently dismembered, with Serbia reduced to its pre-1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation. Upon capturing Belgrade, the Germans ordered the city's 12,000 Jews to report themselves to the occupational authorities, and 9,145 did so. Jews were removed from all official posts by 14 May, and a series of anti-Jewish laws were passed prohibiting them from activities ranging from going to restaurants to riding streetcars.
In June 1941, an uprising erupted in Serbia, led by the royalist Chetniks of Draža Mihailović and the communist Partisans of Josip Broz Tito. The Germans responded with reprisal shootings, killing more than 1,000 hostages by late August. As the revolt spread, in October 1941, the Germans declared that the death of one German soldier would result in the execution of 100 Serb hostages, and the wounding of one German soldier would lead to the execution of 50. The Germans described these executions as "measures of atonement". For the loss of 160 killed and 278 wounded, the Germans executed between 20,000 and 30,000 hostages in the last three months of 1941.
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